I'm Sure That Sir Bill Castell Would Be In Favor of Letting Men Know That Latter Fathering of Babies Was Not Good For The Child's Genetic Health?

Actors, it seems, revel in their knighthoods. Rumour has it that some insist on being addressed as 'Sir' on set. The opposite is true of Bill Castell, the new Chairman of the Wellcome Trust. One senses that he sees such formalities as simply getting in the way of doing his job.

"I'm an enthusiastic sort of fellow," he says. "The one thing you'll find everyone says about me is my passion and my enthusiasm." This drive has led to conspicuous success in the business world. As head of Amersham plc, he masterminded its transformation from a company with £200 million annual sales when he joined to one turning over £1.7 billion by the time it was absorbed into General Electric in 2004.

He sees his new role at the Wellcome Trust as a natural progression. "From 1980 onwards my career has been about investing in science and driving innovation for application in healthcare. I've become used to, and delight in, working with scientists and finding ways to support them."

As an industrialist working for a multinational company, Bill Castell maintains a global perspective. He sees the Wellcome Trust as one of the few charitable bodies (along with the Gates Foundation) with a truly global outlook. This, and the chance to work with an organisation planning to spend half a billion pounds a year, was a key factor behind his decision to take up the reins as Chairman at the Wellcome Trust – something he describes as a "privilege".

Moreover, he adds, much of this funding is not precommitted to 'intramural' research centres. "Most of our funding capability is untied. We have excellent flexibility. And due to the rebound in the value of our underlying investment portfolio, whereas we have seen leaner years in the past two or three years, we will be in a good, robust position to maintain or even grow our future funding."

As well as the basic science for which the Trust is already well known, he believes that there is huge potential in the emerging area of 'translational medicine' – taking promising research findings and a better understanding of biological processes and using that knowledge to improve healthcare.

But he is also keenly aware of the distinctive nature of the charitable sector. "I'm certainly not coming to the Wellcome Trust saying as an industrialist I want to industrialise the Trust. I'm coming to the Trust bringing my managerial skills to chair the Board of Governors and support Mark and his team, so that we can achieve in the best possible way the charitable goals of Henry Wellcome."

Indeed, it is managerial experience – as well as his global network of contacts – that he sees as most valuable in his new role. He also points to his time on the Medical Research Council and as Chairman of the Prince's Trust as other valuable experience.

But industry, he believes, can promote good habits, with its discipline and focus on objectives. Success and failure are much easier to judge. "The one thing that industry has is an earning account, and over the long term you can assess if you've done a reasonable job. The real thing that I'm fascinated about is: how do we measure our effectiveness at the Trust? What are the outputs that are going to tell us that we are doing a good job, a great job or an outstanding job?"

Bill Castell's association with the Wellcome name goes back 40 years. He is deeply immersed in the 'Wellcome story' and sees Henry Wellcome as an inspirational figure for today. Wellcome was, he notes, not just committed to excellence in science and scientists, but also a skilled publicist, an early active supporter of public engagement with science and an advocate of historical studies.

He thus has a special regard for the new public venue being developed at 183 Euston Road. "I first walked into 183 Euston Road in the summer of 1966. I can't wait for it to reopen and walk in again."

A career – selected highlights
1965–69: Industrial trainee at Wellcome plc
1974–89: Rise through Wellcome, joining Board in 1987 as Commercial Director
1989–2004: Chief Executive, Amersham plc
2004–06: Vice-Chairman of General Electric and President and Chief Executive Officer of GE Healthcare.
Other activities and awards
1998–2003: Chairman, the Prince's Trust
2000: Knighthood for services to life sciences industry
2001–04: Member of Medical Research Council
2004– Trustee, Natural History Museum
Interests
Travel, social inclusion, golf, opera, family.

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Professor Angus Clarke
Principal Investigator and Professor in Clinical Genetics




Angus Clarke was born in 1954. He studied Medical and Natural Sciences in Cambridge, taking his Part II in Genetics, and then qualified in Medicine from Oxford University in 1979. After registration, he worked in general medicine and then paediatrics. As a research registrar in the Department of Medical Genetics in Cardiff, he studied the clinical and molecular genetic aspects of ectodermal dysplasia. Subsequently, he worked in clinical genetics and paediatric neurology in Newcastle upon Tyne, developing an interest in Rett syndrome and neuromuscular disorders.

He returned to Cardiff in 1989 as Senior Lecturer in Clinical Genetics. He is now Professor in Clinical Genetics. As well as teaching he also works as a clinician. With his colleague, Peter Harper, he wrote the book, Genetics, Society and Clinical Practice. He directs the Cardiff MSc course in Genetic Counselling.

Research interests:
social and ethical issues raised by advances in human genetics
the genetic counselling process




"I am aware of the paternal age effect in many disorders - and clearly in the case of autism, as with this one family. I am not aware of it in relation to autism in general - but there are cerainly a number of grounds for discouraging the deferral of child bearing to older ages (for men and women) including gene mutations, chromosome anomalies and reduced fertility. Education about the disbenefits of deferring child bearing is important but it is unclear how to achieve this as education is probably a weak force when it is asked to effect major change in a powerful social force.

Don't think that the problems of later child bearing are unrecognised - but if you have useful ways of addressing this then of course do share these"

Best wishes,

Angus Clarke

I Don't Believe that the Welcome Trust, the MRC (UK), and the NLM Foundation Do Not Know that Older Dads are the Major Cause of Sporadic Autism

There is no such thing as autism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology because autism is varied and caused by known factors such as high paternal age high age of mother's father at her birth, family history of autoimmune disorders, family history of autism or ASDs, or family history of schizophrenia, or family history of very severe OCD, ADHD, or other mental cognitive and personality disorders. It is interesting that starting in 1994 everyone got into the autism business as soon as the writers of the DSM IV had changed autism's definition.


THE GENETICS OF AUTISM
OVERVIEWAutism is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology, with profound consequences for affected individuals and their families. Autism is the classical pervasive developmental disorder (PDD); a group of disorders which also includes Asperger’s syndrome, atypical autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, PDD not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and Rett syndrome. These disorders are classically defined by a combination of qualitative impairments in three principal areas: verbal and non-verbal communication, reciprocal social interaction, and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities.

There is now convincing evidence from twin and family studies for the involvement of genetic factors in the development of autism. The absence of any strong consistent evidence for an environmental, biochemical or neuroanatomical cause has led to an increasing number of genetic studies worldwide to determine the basis of this complex disorder.

The International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium (IMGSAC) was established in 1994 and includes scientific researchers and clinicians from a number of European countries and the United States. We have generated an extensive collection of families with autism, and have led the field using sophisticated technology to examine these families for genes underlying autism susceptibility. Our results so far indicate that there are likely to be several regions involved, on chromosomes 2,7,9,10,16 and 17. We are currently examining candidate genes in the principal regions on chromosomes 2,7 and 16 for genetic variants that may increase the risk of developing autism.

The Consortium is funded in part by project grants from the Medical Research Council (UK), The Wellcome Trust and The NLM Foundation.



IMGSAC takes part in the NAAR Autism Genome Project, a large international collaborative research project using state-of-the-art microarray technology to search for autism susceptibility genes in approximately 1,500 families.



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