Squalene into Rats Arthritis

http://ajp.amjpathol.org/cgi/content/abstract/156/6/2057The Endogenous Adjuvant Squalene Can Induce a Chronic T-Cell-Mediated Arthritis in RatsBarbro C. Carlson*, Åsa M. Jansson*, Anders Larsson{dagger}, Anders Bucht{ddagger}* and Johnny C. Lorentzen*From the Department of Medicine,*Unit of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; the Department of Medical Sciences,{dagger}University Hospital, Uppsala; and the Department of Biomedicine,{ddagger}Division of NBC Defense, Defense Research Establishment, Umeå, SwedenSqualene is a cholesterol precursor, which stimulates the immune system nonspecifically. We demonstrate that one intradermal injection of this adjuvant lipid can induce joint-specific inflammation in arthritis-prone DA rats. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed erosion of bone and cartilage, and that development of polyarthritis coincided with infiltration of {alpha}ß+ T cells. Depletion of these cells with anti-{alpha}ß TcR monoclonal antibody (R73) resulted in complete recovery, whereas anti-CD8 and anti-{gamma}{delta} TcR injections were ineffective. The apparent dependence on CD4+ T cells suggested a role for genes within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and this was concluded from comparative studies of MHC congenic rat strains, in which DA.1H rats were less susceptible than DA rats. Furthermore, LEW.1AV1 and PVG.1AV1 rats with MHC identical to DA rats were arthritis-resistant, demonstrating that non-MHC genes also determine susceptibility. Some of these genetic influences could be linked to previously described arthritis susceptibility loci in an F2 intercross between DA and LEW.1AV1 rats (ie, Cia3, Oia2 and Cia5). Interestingly, some F2 hybrid rats developed chronic arthritis, a phenotype not apparent in the parental inbred strains. Our demonstration that an autoadjuvant can trigger chronic, immune-mediated joint-specific inflammation may give clues to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, and it raises new questions concerning the role of endogenous molecules with adjuvant properties in chronic inflammatory diseases.